Pasquale Pastena 1810–1889

Pasquale Pastena, 1810–1889 (aged 78 years)

Name

Pasquale Pastena

Name: Pasquale /Pastena/

Gender Male

Events of close relatives
Birth	December 15, 1810 27 25 Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy Latitude: 40.249996 Longitude: 15.549999
Birth of a brother	Francesco Antonio Pastena November 3, 1817 (aged 6 years) Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy Latitude: 40.249996 Longitude: 15.549999
Death of a father	Francesco Pastena January 28, 1818 (aged 7 years) Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy Latitude: 40.249996 Longitude: 15.549999
Death of a maternal grandmother	Maria Angela Marsicano before 1823 (aged 12 years)
Marriage of a parent	Carlo Scalzo — Felicia Maria Ciorciari — View this family December 1, 1823 (aged 12 years) Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy Latitude: 40.249996 Longitude: 15.549999
Birth of a half-sister	Francesca Scalzo August 20, 1824 (aged 13 years) Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy Latitude: 40.249996 Longitude: 15.549999
Marriage	Rosaria Francesca Bianco — View this family July 31, 1838 (aged 27 years) Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy Latitude: 40.249996 Longitude: 15.549999
Birth of a son	Francesco Pastena October 3, 1839 (aged 28 years) Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy Latitude: 40.249996 Longitude: 15.549999
Birth of a son	Nicola Pastena about 1841 (aged 30 years) Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy Latitude: 40.249996 Longitude: 15.549999
Death of a mother	Felicia Maria Ciorciari March 3, 1842 (aged 31 years) Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy Latitude: 40.249996 Longitude: 15.549999
Birth of a daughter	Maria Angela Pastena January 20, 1843 (aged 32 years) Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy Latitude: 40.249996 Longitude: 15.549999
Birth of a daughter	Felice Maria Pastena about 1846 (aged 35 years) Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy Latitude: 40.249996 Longitude: 15.549999
Birth of a son	Gennaro Pastena January 21, 1847 (aged 36 years) Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy Latitude: 40.249996 Longitude: 15.549999
Birth of a daughter	Sabina Pastena March 11, 1849 (aged 38 years) Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy Latitude: 40.249996 Longitude: 15.549999
Birth of a daughter	Antonia Pastena June 11, 1850 (aged 39 years) Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy Latitude: 40.249996 Longitude: 15.549999
Birth of a son	Pietro Pastena June 30, 1852 (aged 41 years) Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy Latitude: 40.249996 Longitude: 15.549999
Birth of a daughter	Filomena Pastena May 5, 1854 (aged 43 years) Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy Latitude: 40.249996 Longitude: 15.549999
Birth of a daughter	Teresa Pastena April 9, 1857 (aged 46 years) Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy Latitude: 40.249996 Longitude: 15.549999
Birth of a son	Felice Pastena April 9, 1857 (aged 46 years) Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy Latitude: 40.249996 Longitude: 15.549999
Death of a daughter	Sabina Pastena August 16, 1857 (aged 46 years) Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy Latitude: 40.249996 Longitude: 15.549999
Death of a daughter	Teresa Pastena September 7, 1857 (aged 46 years) Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy Latitude: 40.249996 Longitude: 15.549999
Birth of a son	Sabino Pastena July 18, 1859 (aged 48 years) Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy Latitude: 40.249996 Longitude: 15.549999
Birth of a daughter	Sabina Pastena September 3, 1860 (aged 49 years) Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy Latitude: 40.249996 Longitude: 15.549999
Death of a son	Pietro Pastena July 26, 1862 (aged 51 years) Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy Latitude: 40.249996 Longitude: 15.549999
Death of a son	Felice Pastena October 13, 1862 (aged 51 years) Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy Latitude: 40.249996 Longitude: 15.549999
Birth of a daughter	Teresa Pastena April 27, 1863 (aged 52 years) Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy Latitude: 40.249996 Longitude: 15.549999
Birth of a son	Felice Pastena April 27, 1863 (aged 52 years) Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy Latitude: 40.249996 Longitude: 15.549999
Death of a son	Felice Pastena November 11, 1863 (aged 52 years) Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy Latitude: 40.249996 Longitude: 15.549999
Death of a daughter	Teresa Pastena September 3, 1865 (aged 54 years) Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy Latitude: 40.249996 Longitude: 15.549999
Marriage of a son	Nicola Pastena — Marianna Cozza — View this family June 30, 1866 (aged 55 years) Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy Latitude: 40.249996 Longitude: 15.549999
Death of a son	Sabino Pastena November 18, 1866 (aged 55 years) Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy Latitude: 40.249996 Longitude: 15.549999
Death of a wife	Rosaria Francesca Bianco December 16, 1866 (aged 56 years) Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy Latitude: 40.249996 Longitude: 15.549999
Marriage of a daughter	Giuseppe di Stefano — Maria Angela Pastena — View this family January 24, 1869 (aged 58 years) Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy Latitude: 40.249996 Longitude: 15.549999
Marriage of a son	Francesco Pastena — Maria Giudice — View this family April 3, 1869 (aged 58 years) Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy Latitude: 40.249996 Longitude: 15.549999
Marriage of a daughter	Angelo Giudice — Antonia Pastena — View this family July 16, 1869 (aged 58 years) Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy Latitude: 40.249996 Longitude: 15.549999
Marriage of a son	Gennaro Pastena — Isabella Manduca — View this family July 14, 1870 (aged 59 years) Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy Latitude: 40.249996 Longitude: 15.549999
Death of a brother	Francesco Antonio Pastena before 1882 (aged 71 years)
Death of a son	Francesco Pastena January 26, 1884 (aged 73 years) Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy Latitude: 40.249996 Longitude: 15.549999
Death	before 1889 (aged 78 years)

Date differences

Family with parents
father	Links Birth: about 1783 29 23 — Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy Death: January 28, 1818 — Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy Links Ancestors Compact tree Descendants Family book Fan chart Hourglass chart Interactive tree Pedigree Pedigree map Relationships Family with spouse Felicia Maria Ciorciari Pasquale Pastena Francesco Antonio Pastena Francesco Pastena 1783–1818 Birth: about 1783 29 23 — Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy Death: January 28, 1818 — Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy
mother	Links Birth: about 1785 29 29 — Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy Marriage: December 1, 1823 — Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy Death: March 3, 1842 — Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy Links Ancestors Compact tree Descendants Family book Fan chart Hourglass chart Interactive tree Pedigree Pedigree map Relationships Family with spouse Francesco Pastena Pasquale Pastena Francesco Antonio Pastena Family with spouse Carlo Scalzo Francesca Scalzo Felicia Maria Ciorciari 1785–1842 Birth: about 1785 29 29 — Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy Death: March 3, 1842 — Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy
himself	Links Birth: December 15, 1810 27 25 — Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy Marriage: July 31, 1838 — Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy Death: before 1889 Links Ancestors Compact tree Descendants Family book Fan chart Hourglass chart Interactive tree Pedigree Pedigree map Relationships Family with spouse Rosaria Francesca Bianco Francesco Pastena Nicola Pastena Maria Angela Pastena Felice Maria Pastena Gennaro Pastena Sabina Pastena Antonia Pastena Pietro Pastena Filomena Pastena Teresa Pastena Felice Pastena Sabino Pastena Sabina Pastena Teresa Pastena Felice Pastena Pasquale Pastena 1810–1889 Birth: December 15, 1810 27 25 — Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy Death: before 1889
7 years younger brother	Links Birth: November 3, 1817 34 32 — Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy Marriage: October 28, 1847 — Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy Marriage: November 16, 1855 — Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy Death: before 1882 Links Ancestors Compact tree Descendants Family book Fan chart Hourglass chart Interactive tree Pedigree Pedigree map Relationships Family with spouse Santa Maria Arcangela la Creta Giuseppe Pastena Maria Arcangela Pastena Family with spouse Felicia Confuorto Maria Giuseppa Pastena Sabino Pastena Angela Pastena Angelo Pastena Sabina Pastena Giovanni Pastena Vito Pastena Vito Pastena Francesco Antonio Pastena 1817–1882 Birth: November 3, 1817 34 32 — Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy Death: before 1882

Mother’s family with Carlo Scalzo
stepfather	Links Birth: about 1783 18 18 — Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy Marriage: December 1, 1823 — Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy Death: February 11, 1870 — Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy Links Ancestors Compact tree Descendants Family book Fan chart Hourglass chart Interactive tree Pedigree Pedigree map Relationships Family with spouse Felicia Maria Ciorciari Francesca Scalzo Carlo Scalzo 1783–1870 Birth: about 1783 18 18 — Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy Death: February 11, 1870 — Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy
mother	Links Birth: about 1785 29 29 — Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy Marriage: December 1, 1823 — Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy Death: March 3, 1842 — Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy Links Ancestors Compact tree Descendants Family book Fan chart Hourglass chart Interactive tree Pedigree Pedigree map Relationships Family with spouse Francesco Pastena Pasquale Pastena Francesco Antonio Pastena Family with spouse Carlo Scalzo Francesca Scalzo Felicia Maria Ciorciari 1785–1842 Birth: about 1785 29 29 — Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy Death: March 3, 1842 — Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy
Marriage	Marriage — December 1, 1823 — Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy
9 months half-sister	Links Birth: August 20, 1824 41 39 — Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy Marriage: February 12, 1850 — Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy Death: March 4, 1889 — Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy Links Ancestors Compact tree Descendants Family book Fan chart Hourglass chart Interactive tree Pedigree Pedigree map Relationships Family with spouse Michele Luca di Stefano Francesca Scalzo 1824–1889 Birth: August 20, 1824 41 39 — Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy Death: March 4, 1889 — Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy

Family with Rosaria Francesca Bianco
himself	Links Birth: December 15, 1810 27 25 — Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy Marriage: July 31, 1838 — Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy Death: before 1889 Links Ancestors Compact tree Descendants Family book Fan chart Hourglass chart Interactive tree Pedigree Pedigree map Relationships Family with spouse Rosaria Francesca Bianco Francesco Pastena Nicola Pastena Maria Angela Pastena Felice Maria Pastena Gennaro Pastena Sabina Pastena Antonia Pastena Pietro Pastena Filomena Pastena Teresa Pastena Felice Pastena Sabino Pastena Sabina Pastena Teresa Pastena Felice Pastena Pasquale Pastena 1810–1889 Birth: December 15, 1810 27 25 — Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy Death: before 1889
wife	Links Birth: October 5, 1818 31 21 — Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy Marriage: July 31, 1838 — Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy Death: December 16, 1866 — Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy Links Ancestors Compact tree Descendants Family book Fan chart Hourglass chart Interactive tree Pedigree Pedigree map Relationships Family with spouse Pasquale Pastena Francesco Pastena Nicola Pastena Maria Angela Pastena Felice Maria Pastena Gennaro Pastena Sabina Pastena Antonia Pastena Pietro Pastena Filomena Pastena Teresa Pastena Felice Pastena Sabino Pastena Sabina Pastena Teresa Pastena Felice Pastena Rosaria Francesca Bianco 1818–1866 Birth: October 5, 1818 31 21 — Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy Death: December 16, 1866 — Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy
Marriage	Marriage — July 31, 1838 — Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy
14 months son	Links Birth: October 3, 1839 28 20 — Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy Marriage: April 3, 1869 — Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy Death: January 26, 1884 — Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy Links Ancestors Compact tree Descendants Family book Fan chart Hourglass chart Interactive tree Pedigree Pedigree map Relationships Family with spouse Maria Giudice Pasquale Pastena Francesca Pastena Francesca Pastena Francesco Pastena 1839–1884 Birth: October 3, 1839 28 20 — Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy Death: January 26, 1884 — Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy
2 years son	Links Birth: about 1841 30 22 — Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy Marriage: June 30, 1866 — Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy Death: October 29, 1889 — Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy Links Ancestors Compact tree Descendants Family book Fan chart Hourglass chart Interactive tree Pedigree Pedigree map Relationships Family with spouse Marianna Cozza Francesca Paola Pastena Pasquale Pastena Vito Antonio Pastena Nicola Pastena 1841–1889 Birth: about 1841 30 22 — Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy Death: October 29, 1889 — Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy
2 years daughter	Links Birth: January 20, 1843 32 24 — Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy Marriage: January 24, 1869 — Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy Links Ancestors Compact tree Descendants Family book Fan chart Hourglass chart Interactive tree Pedigree Pedigree map Relationships Family with spouse Giuseppe di Stefano Vincenzo de Stefano Rosaria di Stefano Vincenzo di Stefano Caterina di Stefano Vincenzo de Stefano Francesco de Stefano Francesca de Stefano Maria Angela Pastena 1843– Birth: January 20, 1843 32 24 — Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy
4 years daughter	Links Birth: about 1846 35 27 — Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy Marriage: November 15, 1898 — Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy Links Ancestors Compact tree Descendants Family book Fan chart Hourglass chart Interactive tree Pedigree Pedigree map Relationships Family with spouse Nicola Pastena Antonio Pastena Francesca Pastena Family with spouse Ignazio Francesco Laveglia Felice Maria Pastena 1846– Birth: about 1846 35 27 — Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy
13 months son	Links Birth: January 21, 1847 36 28 — Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy Marriage: July 14, 1870 — Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy Links Ancestors Compact tree Descendants Family book Fan chart Hourglass chart Interactive tree Pedigree Pedigree map Relationships Family with spouse Isabella Manduca Francesca Pastena Pasquale Pastena Felice Pastena Sabina Pastena Sabina Pastena Antonia Pastena Maria Grazia Pastena Filomena Pastena Filomena Pastena Gennaro Pastena 1847– Birth: January 21, 1847 36 28 — Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy
2 years daughter	Links Birth: March 11, 1849 38 30 — Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy Death: August 16, 1857 — Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy Links Ancestors Compact tree Descendants Family book Fan chart Hourglass chart Interactive tree Pedigree Pedigree map Relationships Sabina Pastena 1849–1857 Birth: March 11, 1849 38 30 — Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy Death: August 16, 1857 — Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy
15 months daughter	Links Birth: June 11, 1850 39 31 — Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy Marriage: July 16, 1869 — Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy Links Ancestors Compact tree Descendants Family book Fan chart Hourglass chart Interactive tree Pedigree Pedigree map Relationships Family with spouse Angelo Giudice Francesco Giudice Maria Michela Giudice Carmela Giudice Antonia Pastena 1850– Birth: June 11, 1850 39 31 — Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy
2 years son	Links Birth: June 30, 1852 41 33 — Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy Death: July 26, 1862 — Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy Links Ancestors Compact tree Descendants Family book Fan chart Hourglass chart Interactive tree Pedigree Pedigree map Relationships Pietro Pastena 1852–1862 Birth: June 30, 1852 41 33 — Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy Death: July 26, 1862 — Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy
22 months daughter	Links Birth: May 5, 1854 43 35 — Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy Links Ancestors Compact tree Descendants Family book Fan chart Hourglass chart Interactive tree Pedigree Pedigree map Relationships Family with spouse Vincenzo Pasquale Emiddio Ferraro Antonio Sabino Ferraro Filomena Pastena 1854– Birth: May 5, 1854 43 35 — Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy
3 years daughter	Links Birth: April 9, 1857 46 38 — Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy Death: September 7, 1857 — Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy Links Ancestors Compact tree Descendants Family book Fan chart Hourglass chart Interactive tree Pedigree Pedigree map Relationships Teresa Pastena 1857–1857 Birth: April 9, 1857 46 38 — Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy Death: September 7, 1857 — Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy
son	Links Birth: April 9, 1857 46 38 — Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy Death: October 13, 1862 — Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy Links Ancestors Compact tree Descendants Family book Fan chart Hourglass chart Interactive tree Pedigree Pedigree map Relationships Felice Pastena 1857–1862 Birth: April 9, 1857 46 38 — Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy Death: October 13, 1862 — Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy
2 years son	Links Birth: July 18, 1859 41 25 — Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy Death: November 18, 1866 — Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy Links Ancestors Compact tree Descendants Family book Fan chart Hourglass chart Interactive tree Pedigree Pedigree map Relationships Sabino Pastena 1859–1866 Birth: July 18, 1859 41 25 — Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy Death: November 18, 1866 — Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy
14 months daughter	Links Birth: September 3, 1860 49 41 — Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy Death: November 5, 1907 — Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy Links Ancestors Compact tree Descendants Family book Fan chart Hourglass chart Interactive tree Pedigree Pedigree map Relationships Family with spouse Angelo Confuorto Sabino Confuorto Antonia Confuorto Francesco Confuorto Fortunata Confuorto Maria Rosaria Confuorto Maria Carmela Confuorto Maria Teresa Confuorto Demetrio Giovanni Confuorto Francesca Demetria Confuorto Sabina Pastena 1860–1907 Birth: September 3, 1860 49 41 — Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy Death: November 5, 1907 — Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy
3 years daughter	Links Birth: April 27, 1863 52 44 — Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy Death: September 3, 1865 — Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy Links Ancestors Compact tree Descendants Family book Fan chart Hourglass chart Interactive tree Pedigree Pedigree map Relationships Teresa Pastena 1863–1865 Birth: April 27, 1863 52 44 — Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy Death: September 3, 1865 — Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy
son	Links Birth: April 27, 1863 52 44 — Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy Death: November 11, 1863 — Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy Links Ancestors Compact tree Descendants Family book Fan chart Hourglass chart Interactive tree Pedigree Pedigree map Relationships Felice Pastena 1863–1863 Birth: April 27, 1863 52 44 — Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy Death: November 11, 1863 — Sanza, Salerno, Campania, Italy

Family navigator

Family with parents
father Parents Pasquale Pastena Teresa di Mieri	Francesco Pastena 1783–1818
mother Parents Francesco Ciorciari Maria Angela Marsicano	Felicia Maria Ciorciari 1785–1842
himself	Pasquale Pastena 1810–1889
younger brother Family Santa Maria Arcangela la Creta Giuseppe Pastena Maria Arcangela Pastena Family Felicia Confuorto Maria Giuseppa Pastena Sabino Pastena Angela Pastena Angelo Pastena Sabina Pastena Giovanni Pastena Vito Pastena Vito Pastena	Francesco Antonio Pastena 1817–1882

Mother’s family with Carlo Scalzo
stepfather Parents Francesco Scalzo Paola Citera	Carlo Scalzo 1783–1870
mother Parents Francesco Ciorciari Maria Angela Marsicano	Felicia Maria Ciorciari 1785–1842
half-sister Family Michele Luca di Stefano	Francesca Scalzo 1824–1889

Family with Rosaria Francesca Bianco
himself	Pasquale Pastena 1810–1889
wife Parents Gennaro Bianco Giovanna Ciorciari	Rosaria Francesca Bianco 1818–1866
son Family Maria Giudice Pasquale Pastena Francesca Pastena Francesca Pastena	Francesco Pastena 1839–1884
son Family Marianna Cozza Francesca Paola Pastena Pasquale Pastena Vito Antonio Pastena	Nicola Pastena 1841–1889
daughter Family Giuseppe di Stefano Vincenzo de Stefano Rosaria di Stefano Vincenzo di Stefano Caterina di Stefano Vincenzo de Stefano Francesco de Stefano Francesca de Stefano	Maria Angela Pastena 1843–
daughter Family Nicola Pastena Antonio Pastena Francesca Pastena Family Ignazio Francesco Laveglia	Felice Maria Pastena 1846–
son Family Isabella Manduca Francesca Pastena Pasquale Pastena Felice Pastena Sabina Pastena Sabina Pastena Antonia Pastena Maria Grazia Pastena Filomena Pastena Filomena Pastena	Gennaro Pastena 1847–
daughter	Sabina Pastena 1849–1857
daughter Family Angelo Giudice Francesco Giudice Maria Michela Giudice Carmela Giudice	Antonia Pastena 1850–
son	Pietro Pastena 1852–1862
daughter Family Vincenzo Pasquale Emiddio Ferraro Antonio Sabino Ferraro	Filomena Pastena 1854–
daughter	Teresa Pastena 1857–1857
son	Felice Pastena 1857–1862
son	Sabino Pastena 1859–1866
daughter Family Angelo Confuorto Sabino Confuorto Antonia Confuorto Francesco Confuorto Fortunata Confuorto Maria Rosaria Confuorto Maria Carmela Confuorto Maria Teresa Confuorto Demetrio Giovanni Confuorto Francesca Demetria Confuorto	Sabina Pastena 1860–1907
daughter	Teresa Pastena 1863–1865
son	Felice Pastena 1863–1863